Jeremie Anderson Lua
This 3rd Grading I've learned a lot of things starting from the renaissance topic up to the American Revolution. The Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture was influenced by humanist like Francisco Petrarch which is know as the father of Humanism; Great Reformers like Martin Luther, John Huss, John Wycliffee and other great reformers that inspired people and letting them know what is right. Different artists emerged during the Renaissance period because they were inspired by the Greek and Roman arts. Painters and Sculptors like Michelangelo, Titian, Donatello, Raphael, and the great Leonardo da Vinci who painted the mysterious portrait of Mona Lisa. Humanism open new Ideas and inspired a lot and these have a great impact on religion until now. The Catholics try to counter the reformation through persecution and many more methods which lead some European to find new for them to live and inspired explorations. We should stand for what we believe in acknowledge the reformers that stand strong even in the face of death. European expedition the most powerful and influential country in the 20th century. Through these expeditions they found new land which is the America, because of great explorers. these explorations has a great impact to our modern world because ideas were spread and lands were discovered.The scientific revolution was the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology including human anatomy and chemistry transformed views of society and nature. the enlightenment period paved new ideas in politics and individuality. The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. These revolutions have great Impacts in our society. The French Revolution was a major event in modern European history. The causes of the French Revolution were many: the monarchy's severe debt problems, high taxes, poor harvests, and the influence of new political ideas. The war of independence waged by the American colonies against Britain influenced political ideas and revolutions around the globe. I don't know much about the American Revolution but through this blog I've learned a lot of thing and through the discussion of our teacher I have not only learn a lot of things but I have learn these topics while having fun.
Alice Marie Alagao
3rd grading has given me a lot of knowledge such as Renaissance period, and the American Revolution. In this grading, I've known a lot of people such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Titian, Donatello and Raphael. Though they are not that easy to familiarize if you don't really read any articles about them. Leonardo da Vinci is an artist, mathematician, writer, inventor, engineer and etc. A lot of historians called him the Universal Genius because of his areas of interest. I also learned that the Catholic church was very corrupt that they spent the money of the people to buy lands and other properties. The people who were against those things that the church has been doing were called Humanists. Humanists such as John Wycliffe, Martin Luther, and John Huss has their own beliefs and practices to act against those immoral things. Wycliffe is considered as the Morning Star of the Reformation because he has a lot of followers and he only believed in what the scriptures says. Martin Luther rejected a lot of teachings and practices from the Roman Catholic Church. He also said that salvation and eternal life are not earned by good deeds but with faith in Jesus Christ. I learned these informations by making this blog. And I hope this, my reflection, will help a lot of students like me to get some info.
Christine Burgos
This 3rd grading I learn a lot of things, it started at the Renaissance period and end up to American Revolution. In this lesson I learn all about Michelangelo, Leonardo de Vinci, Raphael, Titian, Donatello and many more. They are the famous artist and scupltor in their period. And also at the American Revolution, American colonies against Britain and influenced there political ideas and revolutions around the globe. I will be honest in my reflection even if I did not really help in this blog, but I think I can learn more many things by reading OUR OWN blog. And I want to say sorry to my members.
Ysrael Guinto
This 3rd grading, I learned a lot of things. Even though I can't catch up to the topic easily I still try me best to read and study the book. I want to say thank you to my groupmates who are always their to help me on what to study. I learned about the Greek and Roman art, the Reformations and a little about the American revolution. The artist that I will not forget is Leonardo da Vinci. For me, he is the most promising person in his time because he is the Universal Genius as what the other historians call him. He is good in math, painting, engineering and other field of his interest. In the reformation, I don't know that much as well as in the American revolution but I know some names of great men in that time like Martin Luther, John Huss, Christopher Columbus and Prince Henry the Navigator. I learned those things in 3rd grading with the help of my groupmates. I hope I didn't get a failing mark.
John Domiquel
This 3rd grading help me a lot, even if I don’t really listen but at the same time I read our book so I can catch up. I learn all about the artist and the sculptors in the renaissance period, like Leonardo de Vinci, Titian, Donatello, Michelangelo, and Raphael and many more. And I all so know when and how started Humanism. And I all so know the battle of American and Britain. I all so want to say thank you to my classmate in helping me to participate in the class.
Faisal Dampac
During this third grading I've learned a lot Through listening. The topics we tackle this third were very interesting because it was topics that we never even tackled before. The Renaissance period was very interesting for it talk about religion. The rebirth of Greek and Roman arts is beautiful because if it did not happen the paintings like Mona Lisa will not be present. The Scientific revolution paved way for new ideas and reshape the thoughts of people during that time and until now. The French and American Revolution were two events that has a great impact to our modern society. this third Grading was a lot of fun.
Saturday, January 2, 2016
Timeline of American Revolution and Latin American
1760s
1760 – Pierre de Rigaud, Governor of New France, capitulates (September 8) to Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst. This ends most fighting in North America between France and Great Britain in the French and Indian War. Amherst becomes the First British Governor-General of territories that would later become Canada plus lands (Ohio Country and Illinois Country) west of the American Colonies.
1760 – King George II of Great Britain dies (October 25) and is succeeded by his grandson George III.
1761 - New England Planters immigrate to Nova Scotia, Canada (1759-1768) to take up lands left vacant after the Expulsion of the Acadians.
1763 – The Treaty of Paris (February 10) formally ends the French and Indian War. France cedes most of its territories in North America to Great Britain, but Louisiana west of the Mississippi River is ceded to Spain.
1763 – Previously allied with France, Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region resist the policies of the British under Amherst. Pontiac's Rebellion begins, lasting until 1766.
The extent of America's territorial growth prior to the Revolution. The westward border established by the Royal Proclamation of 1763 is shown.
1763 – King George's Royal Proclamation of 1763 (October 7) establishes administration in territories newly ceded by France. To prevent further violence between settlers and Native Americans, the Proclamation sets a western boundary on the American colonies.
1764 – The Sugar Act (April 5), intended to raise revenues, and the Currency Act (September 1), prohibiting the colonies from issuing paper money, are passed by Parliament. These Acts, coming during the economic slump that followed the French and Indian War, are resented by the colonists and lead to protests.
1765 – To help defray the cost of keeping troops in America, Parliament enacts (March 22) the Stamp Act, imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies. Seen as a violation of rights, the Act sparks violent demonstrations in several Colonies. Virginia's House of Burgesses adopts (May 29) the Virginia Resolves claiming that, under British law, Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives. Delegates from nine colonies attend the Stamp Act Congress which adopts (October 19) a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and petitions Parliament and the king to repeal the Act
1765 – Parliament enacts (March 24) the Quartering Act, requiring the Colonies to provide housing, food, and other provisions to British troops. The act is resisted or circumvented in most of the colonies. In 1767 and again in 1769, Parliament suspended the governor and legislature of New York for failure to comply.
1766 – The British Parliament repeals (March 18) the unpopular Stamp Act of the previous year, but, in the simultaneous Declaratory Act, asserts its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes ... to bind the colonies and people of America ... in all cases whatsoever".
1766 – Liberty Pole erected in New York City commons in celebration of the Stamp Act repeal (May 21). An intermittent skirmish with the British garrison over the removal of this and other poles, and their replacement by the Sons of Liberty, rages until the Province of New York is under the control of the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress in 1775
1767 – The Townshend Acts, named for Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, are passed by Parliament (June 29), placing duties on many items imported into America.
1768 - In April, England's Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Hillsborough, orders colonial governors to stop their own assemblies from endorsing Adams' circular letter. Hillsborough also orders the governor of Massachusetts to dissolve the general court if the Massachusetts assembly does not revoke the letter. By month's end, the assemblies of New Hampshire, Connecticut and New Jersey have endorsed the letter.
1768 - In May, a British warship armed with 50 cannons sails into Boston harbor after a call for help from custom commissioners who are constantly being harassed by Boston agitators. In June, a customs official is locked up in the cabin of the Liberty, a sloop owned by John Hancock. Imported wine is then unloaded illegally into Boston without payment of duties. Following this incident, customs officials seize Hancock's sloop. After threats of violence from Bostonians, the customs officials escape to an island off Boston, then request the intervention of British troops.
1768 - In July, the governor of Massachusetts dissolves the general court after the legislature defies his order to revoke Adams' circular letter. In August, in Boston and New York, merchants agree to boycott most British goods until the Townshend Acts are repealed. In September, at a town meeting in Boston, residents are urged to arm themselves. Later in September, English warships sail into Boston Harbor, then two regiments of English infantry land in Boston and set up permanent residence to keep order.
1769 – To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York broadside published by the local Sons of Liberty
1770s
1770 – Golden Hill incident in which British troops wound civilians, including one death (January 19)
1770 – Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain (January 28)
"The Boston Massacre," an engraving by patriot Paul Revere.
1770 – Boston Massacre (March 5)
1771 – Battle of Alamance in North Carolina (May 16)
1772 – Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence
1772 – Gaspee Affair (June 9)
1772 – The Watauga Association in what would become Tennessee declares itself independent.
1773 – Parliament passes the Tea Act (May 10)
1773 – Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York published by local Sons of Liberty (December 15)
1773 – Boston Tea Party (December 16)
1774 – Benjamin Franklin, Massachusetts' agent in London, is questioned before Parliament
1774 – Lord Dunmore's War
1774 – British pass Intolerable Acts, including:
Boston Port Act (March 31)
Administration of Justice Act (May 20),
Massachusetts Government Act (May 20),
A second Quartering Act (June 2), and
Quebec Act
1774 – The Powder Alarm, General Gage's secret raid on the Cambridge powder magazine (September 1)
1774 – The First Continental Congress meets; twelve colonies send delegates
1774 – Burning of the HMS Peggy Stewart (October 19)
1774 - Petition to the King (October 26)
1774 – Greenwich Tea Party (December 22)
Battles of Lexington and Concord.
1775 – Battles of Lexington and Concord, followed by the Siege of Boston (April 19)
1775 - Gunpowder Incident April 20)
1775 – Skenesboro, New York (now Whitehall, New York) captured by Lt Samuel Herrick. (May 9)
1775 – Fort Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys. (May 10)
1775 – Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17)
1775 – The Second Continental Congress meets
1775 – Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III
1775 – Henry Knox transported fifty-nine captured cannons (taken from Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point) from upstate New York to Boston, MA. Trip took 56 days to complete. (Dec. 05, 1775 to Jan. 24,1776)
1776 – New Hampshire ratifies the first state constitution
1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense (January 10)
1776 – Battle of Nassau (March 3–4)
1776 – Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet (June 29)
1776 – The Second Continental Congress enacts (July 2) a resolution declaring independence from the British Empire, and then approves (July 4) the written Declaration of Independence.
1776 – Battle of Long Island, a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn (August 27)
1776 – British prison ships begin in Wallabout Bay, New York
1776 – Staten Island Peace Conference (September 11)
1776 – Landing at Kip's Bay (September 15)
1776 – Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16)
1776 – Great Fire of New York (September 21–22)
1776 – Nathan Hale captured and executed for espionage (September 22)
1776 – Battle of Valcour Island (October 11)
1776 – Battle of White Plains (October 29)
1776 – Battle of Fort Washington (November 16)
1776 – Battle of Fort Lee (November 20)
1776 – Battle of Iron Works Hill (December 23 – December 26)
Washington Crossing the Delaware
1776 – Battle of Trenton (December 26)
1777 – Second Battle of Trenton (January 2)
1777 – Battle of Princeton (January 3)
1777 – Forage War
1777 – Battle of Bound Brook (April 13)
1777 – Middlebrook encampment (May 28 – July 2)
1777 – Fort Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans due to advancing British troops placing cannon on Mount Defiance. (July 5)
1777 – British retake Fort Ticonderoga. (July 6)
1777 – Battle of Hubbardton (July 7, 1777)
1777 – Delegates in Vermont, which was not one of the Thirteen Colonies, establish a republic and adopt (July 8) a constitution—the first in what is now the territory of the United States to prohibit slavery. (Vermont would become the fourteenth state in 1791.)
1777 – Battle of Short Hills (July 26)
1777 – Battle of Oriskany (August 6)
1777 – Battle of Bennington (August 16)
1777 – Battle of Brandywine (September 11)
1777 – Battle of Paoli (Paoli Massacre) (September 20)
1777 – British occupation of Philadelphia (September 26)
1777 – Battle of Germantown (October 4)
Burgoyne's surrender at Saratoga
1777 – Two Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7) conclude with the surrender of the British army under General Burgoyne.
1777 – Battle of Red Bank (October 22)
1777 – Articles of Confederation adopted by the Second Continental Congress (November 15)
1777 – Battle of White Marsh (December 5 – December 8)
1777 – Battle of Matson's Ford (December 11)
1777–1778 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Valley Forge (December 19 – June 19)
1778 – Treaty of Alliance with France (February 6)
1778 – Battle of Barren Hill (May 20)
1778 – British occupation of Philadelphia ends (June)
1778 – Battle of Monmouth (June 28)
1778 - Capture of Savannah (December 28) British successfully launch their southern strategy
1778–1779 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Middlebrook encampment (November 30 – June 3)
1779 – Battle of Stony Point (July 16)
1779 – Battle of Paulus Hook (August 19)
1779–1780 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Morristown (December–May)
1780s
Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown
January 15 – Congress establishes the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture to provide for final adjudication of appeals from state court prize cases involving disposition of ships and cargo allegedly seized from the British.
January 28 – A stockade known as Fort Nashborough is founded on the banks of the Cumberland River.Two years later the site is renamed Nashville.
February 1 – Some 8,000 British forces under General Henry Clinton arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, from New York.
February 1 – New York cedes to Congress its western claims, including territory west of Lake Ontario. In 1792 New York will sell the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania
March 14 – Bombardment of Fort Charlotte: After a two-week siege, Spanish general, colonial governor of Louisiana, and Viceroy of New Spain Bernardo de Gálvez captures Fort Charlotte, taking the port of Mobile (in present-day Alabama) from the British. Fort Charlotte was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana. Its fall drove the British from the western reaches of West Florida and reduced the British military presence in West Florida to its capital, Pensacola.
April 8 – Siege of Charleston: British Army troops under General Henry Clinton and naval forces under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot besiege Charleston, South Carolina. British ships sail past Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to occupy Charleston Harbor. Washington will order reinforcements to Charleston, but the city falls on May 12 in what is arguably the worst American defeat of the war.
May 6 – Siege of Charleston: Fort Moultrie falls to the British.
May 12 – Siege of Charleston: American General Benjamin Lincoln surrenders Charleston to the British. The British lose 255 men while capturing a large American garrison.
May 29 – Battle of Waxhaws: A clash between Continental Army forces under Abraham Buford and a mainly Loyalist force led by Banastre Tarleton occurs near Lancaster, South Carolina in the Waxhaws area (close to present-day Buford). The British destroyed the American forces.
June 6 – Battle of Connecticut Farms
June 23 – Battle of Springfield. With the attempted British invasion of New Jersey stopped at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, major fighting in the North ends.
August 16 - Battle of Camden. British General Cornwallis gains a humiliating victory over Gates in South Carolina.
September 23 – John André captured and the treason of Benedict Arnold is exposed
September 26 - Battle of Charlotte
October 7 – Battle of Kings Mountain
1781
January 17 - Battle of Cowpens
March 1 – Articles of Confederation ratified
March 15 – Battle of Guilford Court House
September 5 - Battle of the Chesapeake
September 8 - Battle of Eutaw Springs
October 19 – The British surrender at Yorktown
December 31 – Bank of North America chartered
1782
February 27 – The British House of Commons votes against further war, informally recognizing American independence.
December 14 – British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina
1783
Washington's Entry into New York by Currier & Ives
September 3 – The Treaty of Paris (1783) ends the American Revolutionary War
November 25 – The British evacuate New York, marking the end of British rule, and General George Washington triumphantly returns with the Continental Army.
1784
January 14 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Congress.
April 9 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the British
May 12 – Ratified treaties are exchanged in Paris between the two nations.
August – "The state of Frankland," later known as Franklin, secedes from North Carolina
1785
Treaty of Hopewell (November 28)
Congress refuses admission of Franklin to the Union
1786
Shays' Rebellion
Annapolis Convention fails
1787
Northwest Ordinance
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ratify the constitution
1788
North Carolina reconquers Franklin, which ceases to exist.
Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia and New York ratify the constitution
1789
United States presidential election, 1789
Constitution goes into effect
George Washington is inaugurated as President in New York City
The First United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Hamilton tariff
Jay–Gardoqui Treaty
November 21 – North Carolina becomes the 12th state to ratify the Constitution, with a vote of 194–77
1790s
1790 – Rhode Island and Providence Plantations becomes the 13th state to ratify the Constitution, with a vote of 34–32 (May 29)
1791 - Ratification of the United States Bill of Rights
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution
1760 – Pierre de Rigaud, Governor of New France, capitulates (September 8) to Field Marshal Jeffrey Amherst. This ends most fighting in North America between France and Great Britain in the French and Indian War. Amherst becomes the First British Governor-General of territories that would later become Canada plus lands (Ohio Country and Illinois Country) west of the American Colonies.
1760 – King George II of Great Britain dies (October 25) and is succeeded by his grandson George III.
1761 - New England Planters immigrate to Nova Scotia, Canada (1759-1768) to take up lands left vacant after the Expulsion of the Acadians.
1763 – The Treaty of Paris (February 10) formally ends the French and Indian War. France cedes most of its territories in North America to Great Britain, but Louisiana west of the Mississippi River is ceded to Spain.
1763 – Previously allied with France, Native American tribes in the Great Lakes region resist the policies of the British under Amherst. Pontiac's Rebellion begins, lasting until 1766.
1763 – King George's Royal Proclamation of 1763 (October 7) establishes administration in territories newly ceded by France. To prevent further violence between settlers and Native Americans, the Proclamation sets a western boundary on the American colonies.
1764 – The Sugar Act (April 5), intended to raise revenues, and the Currency Act (September 1), prohibiting the colonies from issuing paper money, are passed by Parliament. These Acts, coming during the economic slump that followed the French and Indian War, are resented by the colonists and lead to protests.
1765 – To help defray the cost of keeping troops in America, Parliament enacts (March 22) the Stamp Act, imposing a tax on many types of printed materials used in the colonies. Seen as a violation of rights, the Act sparks violent demonstrations in several Colonies. Virginia's House of Burgesses adopts (May 29) the Virginia Resolves claiming that, under British law, Virginians could be taxed only by an assembly to which they had elected representatives. Delegates from nine colonies attend the Stamp Act Congress which adopts (October 19) a Declaration of Rights and Grievances and petitions Parliament and the king to repeal the Act
1765 – Parliament enacts (March 24) the Quartering Act, requiring the Colonies to provide housing, food, and other provisions to British troops. The act is resisted or circumvented in most of the colonies. In 1767 and again in 1769, Parliament suspended the governor and legislature of New York for failure to comply.
1766 – The British Parliament repeals (March 18) the unpopular Stamp Act of the previous year, but, in the simultaneous Declaratory Act, asserts its "full power and authority to make laws and statutes ... to bind the colonies and people of America ... in all cases whatsoever".
1766 – Liberty Pole erected in New York City commons in celebration of the Stamp Act repeal (May 21). An intermittent skirmish with the British garrison over the removal of this and other poles, and their replacement by the Sons of Liberty, rages until the Province of New York is under the control of the revolutionary New York Provincial Congress in 1775
1767 – The Townshend Acts, named for Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townshend, are passed by Parliament (June 29), placing duties on many items imported into America.
1768 - In April, England's Secretary of State for the Colonies, Lord Hillsborough, orders colonial governors to stop their own assemblies from endorsing Adams' circular letter. Hillsborough also orders the governor of Massachusetts to dissolve the general court if the Massachusetts assembly does not revoke the letter. By month's end, the assemblies of New Hampshire, Connecticut and New Jersey have endorsed the letter.
1768 - In May, a British warship armed with 50 cannons sails into Boston harbor after a call for help from custom commissioners who are constantly being harassed by Boston agitators. In June, a customs official is locked up in the cabin of the Liberty, a sloop owned by John Hancock. Imported wine is then unloaded illegally into Boston without payment of duties. Following this incident, customs officials seize Hancock's sloop. After threats of violence from Bostonians, the customs officials escape to an island off Boston, then request the intervention of British troops.
1768 - In July, the governor of Massachusetts dissolves the general court after the legislature defies his order to revoke Adams' circular letter. In August, in Boston and New York, merchants agree to boycott most British goods until the Townshend Acts are repealed. In September, at a town meeting in Boston, residents are urged to arm themselves. Later in September, English warships sail into Boston Harbor, then two regiments of English infantry land in Boston and set up permanent residence to keep order.
1769 – To the Betrayed Inhabitants of the City and Colony of New York broadside published by the local Sons of Liberty
1770s
1770 – Golden Hill incident in which British troops wound civilians, including one death (January 19)
1770 – Lord North becomes Prime Minister of Great Britain (January 28)
1770 – Boston Massacre (March 5)
1771 – Battle of Alamance in North Carolina (May 16)
1772 – Samuel Adams organizes the Committees of Correspondence
1772 – Gaspee Affair (June 9)
1772 – The Watauga Association in what would become Tennessee declares itself independent.
1773 – Parliament passes the Tea Act (May 10)
1773 – Association of the Sons of Liberty in New York published by local Sons of Liberty (December 15)
1773 – Boston Tea Party (December 16)
1774 – Benjamin Franklin, Massachusetts' agent in London, is questioned before Parliament
1774 – Lord Dunmore's War
1774 – British pass Intolerable Acts, including:
Boston Port Act (March 31)
Administration of Justice Act (May 20),
Massachusetts Government Act (May 20),
A second Quartering Act (June 2), and
Quebec Act
1774 – The Powder Alarm, General Gage's secret raid on the Cambridge powder magazine (September 1)
1774 – The First Continental Congress meets; twelve colonies send delegates
1774 – Burning of the HMS Peggy Stewart (October 19)
1774 - Petition to the King (October 26)
1774 – Greenwich Tea Party (December 22)
1775 – Battles of Lexington and Concord, followed by the Siege of Boston (April 19)
1775 - Gunpowder Incident April 20)
1775 – Skenesboro, New York (now Whitehall, New York) captured by Lt Samuel Herrick. (May 9)
1775 – Fort Ticonderoga captured by Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold and the Green Mountain Boys. (May 10)
1775 – Battle of Bunker Hill (June 17)
1775 – The Second Continental Congress meets
1775 – Olive Branch Petition sent to King George III
1775 – Henry Knox transported fifty-nine captured cannons (taken from Fort Ticonderoga and Fort Crown Point) from upstate New York to Boston, MA. Trip took 56 days to complete. (Dec. 05, 1775 to Jan. 24,1776)
1776 – New Hampshire ratifies the first state constitution
1776 – Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense (January 10)
1776 – Battle of Nassau (March 3–4)
1776 – Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet (June 29)
1776 – The Second Continental Congress enacts (July 2) a resolution declaring independence from the British Empire, and then approves (July 4) the written Declaration of Independence.
1776 – Battle of Long Island, a.k.a. Battle of Brooklyn (August 27)
1776 – British prison ships begin in Wallabout Bay, New York
1776 – Staten Island Peace Conference (September 11)
1776 – Landing at Kip's Bay (September 15)
1776 – Battle of Harlem Heights (September 16)
1776 – Great Fire of New York (September 21–22)
1776 – Nathan Hale captured and executed for espionage (September 22)
1776 – Battle of Valcour Island (October 11)
1776 – Battle of White Plains (October 29)
1776 – Battle of Fort Washington (November 16)
1776 – Battle of Fort Lee (November 20)
1776 – Battle of Iron Works Hill (December 23 – December 26)
1776 – Battle of Trenton (December 26)
1777 – Second Battle of Trenton (January 2)
1777 – Battle of Princeton (January 3)
1777 – Forage War
1777 – Battle of Bound Brook (April 13)
1777 – Middlebrook encampment (May 28 – July 2)
1777 – Fort Ticonderoga abandoned by the Americans due to advancing British troops placing cannon on Mount Defiance. (July 5)
1777 – British retake Fort Ticonderoga. (July 6)
1777 – Battle of Hubbardton (July 7, 1777)
1777 – Delegates in Vermont, which was not one of the Thirteen Colonies, establish a republic and adopt (July 8) a constitution—the first in what is now the territory of the United States to prohibit slavery. (Vermont would become the fourteenth state in 1791.)
1777 – Battle of Short Hills (July 26)
1777 – Battle of Oriskany (August 6)
1777 – Battle of Bennington (August 16)
1777 – Battle of Brandywine (September 11)
1777 – Battle of Paoli (Paoli Massacre) (September 20)
1777 – British occupation of Philadelphia (September 26)
1777 – Battle of Germantown (October 4)
1777 – Two Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7) conclude with the surrender of the British army under General Burgoyne.
1777 – Battle of Red Bank (October 22)
1777 – Articles of Confederation adopted by the Second Continental Congress (November 15)
1777 – Battle of White Marsh (December 5 – December 8)
1777 – Battle of Matson's Ford (December 11)
1777–1778 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Valley Forge (December 19 – June 19)
1778 – Treaty of Alliance with France (February 6)
1778 – Battle of Barren Hill (May 20)
1778 – British occupation of Philadelphia ends (June)
1778 – Battle of Monmouth (June 28)
1778 - Capture of Savannah (December 28) British successfully launch their southern strategy
1778–1779 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Middlebrook encampment (November 30 – June 3)
1779 – Battle of Stony Point (July 16)
1779 – Battle of Paulus Hook (August 19)
1779–1780 – Continental Army in winter quarters at Morristown (December–May)
1780s
January 15 – Congress establishes the Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture to provide for final adjudication of appeals from state court prize cases involving disposition of ships and cargo allegedly seized from the British.
January 28 – A stockade known as Fort Nashborough is founded on the banks of the Cumberland River.Two years later the site is renamed Nashville.
February 1 – Some 8,000 British forces under General Henry Clinton arrive in Charleston, South Carolina, from New York.
February 1 – New York cedes to Congress its western claims, including territory west of Lake Ontario. In 1792 New York will sell the Erie Triangle to Pennsylvania
March 14 – Bombardment of Fort Charlotte: After a two-week siege, Spanish general, colonial governor of Louisiana, and Viceroy of New Spain Bernardo de Gálvez captures Fort Charlotte, taking the port of Mobile (in present-day Alabama) from the British. Fort Charlotte was the last remaining British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana. Its fall drove the British from the western reaches of West Florida and reduced the British military presence in West Florida to its capital, Pensacola.
April 8 – Siege of Charleston: British Army troops under General Henry Clinton and naval forces under Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot besiege Charleston, South Carolina. British ships sail past Fort Moultrie on Sullivan's Island to occupy Charleston Harbor. Washington will order reinforcements to Charleston, but the city falls on May 12 in what is arguably the worst American defeat of the war.
May 6 – Siege of Charleston: Fort Moultrie falls to the British.
May 12 – Siege of Charleston: American General Benjamin Lincoln surrenders Charleston to the British. The British lose 255 men while capturing a large American garrison.
May 29 – Battle of Waxhaws: A clash between Continental Army forces under Abraham Buford and a mainly Loyalist force led by Banastre Tarleton occurs near Lancaster, South Carolina in the Waxhaws area (close to present-day Buford). The British destroyed the American forces.
June 6 – Battle of Connecticut Farms
June 23 – Battle of Springfield. With the attempted British invasion of New Jersey stopped at Connecticut Farms and Springfield, major fighting in the North ends.
August 16 - Battle of Camden. British General Cornwallis gains a humiliating victory over Gates in South Carolina.
September 23 – John André captured and the treason of Benedict Arnold is exposed
September 26 - Battle of Charlotte
October 7 – Battle of Kings Mountain
1781
January 17 - Battle of Cowpens
March 1 – Articles of Confederation ratified
March 15 – Battle of Guilford Court House
September 5 - Battle of the Chesapeake
September 8 - Battle of Eutaw Springs
October 19 – The British surrender at Yorktown
December 31 – Bank of North America chartered
1782
February 27 – The British House of Commons votes against further war, informally recognizing American independence.
December 14 – British evacuate Charleston, South Carolina
1783
Washington's Entry into New York by Currier & Ives
September 3 – The Treaty of Paris (1783) ends the American Revolutionary War
November 25 – The British evacuate New York, marking the end of British rule, and General George Washington triumphantly returns with the Continental Army.
1784
January 14 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the Congress.
April 9 – The Treaty of Paris is ratified by the British
May 12 – Ratified treaties are exchanged in Paris between the two nations.
August – "The state of Frankland," later known as Franklin, secedes from North Carolina
1785
Treaty of Hopewell (November 28)
Congress refuses admission of Franklin to the Union
1786
Shays' Rebellion
Annapolis Convention fails
1787
Northwest Ordinance
Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States, by Howard Chandler Christy.
Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia
Delaware, Pennsylvania and New Jersey ratify the constitution
1788
North Carolina reconquers Franklin, which ceases to exist.
Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia and New York ratify the constitution
1789
United States presidential election, 1789
Constitution goes into effect
George Washington is inaugurated as President in New York City
The First United States Congress passes the Judiciary Act of 1789 and Hamilton tariff
Jay–Gardoqui Treaty
November 21 – North Carolina becomes the 12th state to ratify the Constitution, with a vote of 194–77
1790s
1790 – Rhode Island and Providence Plantations becomes the 13th state to ratify the Constitution, with a vote of 34–32 (May 29)
1791 - Ratification of the United States Bill of Rights
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution
Timeline of French Revolution until Napoleon Bonaparte
The French Revolution was a major event in modern European history. The causes of the French Revolution were many: the monarchy's severe debt problems, high taxes, poor harvests, and the influence of new political ideas and the American Revolution, to mention only a few. Starting as a movement for government reforms, the French Revolution rapidly turned radical and violent, leading to the abolition of the monarchy and execution of King Louis XVI. Though the monarchy was eventually restored, the French Revolution changed France and the rest of Europe forever. It inspired a number of revolutionary movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that made the final end to institutions such as absolutism, feudalism, class privilege and legal inequality, and spread the principles of natural right, equality and freedom throughout the world.
Meeting of the Estates General- May 5, 1789
The Estates General were reluctantly summoned by King Louis XVI in May of 1789 with an aim to solve the monarchy’s financial crisis. There were three classes represented by the Estates General: the nobles, clergy and the rest of the population or the so-called Third Estate. Each estate had only one vote. As a result, the nobility and clergy could always overrule the Third Estate. Fearing they would be forced to bear the burden of the financial crisis, the members of the Third Estate decided to form their own National Assembly. After being locked out of the meeting of the Estates General, they moved to an indoor tennis court where they pledged the so-called Tennis Court Oath, vowing to remain there until a new constitution had been written.
Fall of the Bastille- June 17, 1789
On July 14, 1789, an angry crowd marched on the Bastille, a medieval fortress in east Paris that was mostly housing political prisoners. To many people in France, it was considered as a symbol of the much hated Louis’ regime. Angry, unemployed and hungry Parisians saw it as a place to vent their frustrations. The commander of the Bastille, Marquis de Launay and his troops resisted for a few hours before they surrendered to the mob. After learning about the fall of the Bastille, King Louis XVI withdrew the royal troops from the French capital and recalled finance minister Jacques Necker whom he dismissed just three days earlier. However, he could no longer reverse the Revolution, while the National Assembly (from July 9 formally called the National Constituent Assembly) became de facto the French government.
March on Versailles-July 14, 1789
Many people in Paris and the rest of France were hungry, unemployed and restless. In October, a large crowd of protesters, mostly women, marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles, convinced that the royal family and nobility there lived in luxury, oblivious to the hardships of the French people. They broke into the quarters of Queen Marie Antoinette who as an Austrian was particularly despised. The crowd demanded bread and wanted to bring the King and his family back to Paris to “live among the people”. Louis conceded to their demands and agreed to go to Paris with the mob, believing it would only be a temporary inconvenience. As they left Versailles the crowd chanted that it was “bringing back the baker, the baker’s wife and the little baker’s apprentice!”
Flight to Varennes- August 26, 1789
The National Assembly continued working on a new constitution for France. After much debate, members of the Assembly decided to impose limits to the King’s authority. The King would have veto power but the National Assembly could overrule his veto. These restrictions appalled Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They also felt like prisoners in their Tuileries Palace in Paris. They decided to leave France and seek refuge in Austria, hoping to eventually be reinstated on the throne as absolute monarchs. Before leaving, Louis wrote a manifesto denouncing the Revolution. On June 20, 1791, the royal family quietly left Paris. They managed to get within a few miles of the border before being recognized in the town of Varennes and forced to go back. The incident was devastating for the National Assembly. The King’s attempt to flee and his denouncement of the Revolution came just as the new constitution was about to be implemented. Now they had to deal with a monarch who was against the constitution and very unpopular with the people.
Dissolution of the National Assembly- October 5. 1789
The long awaited constitution finally came into effect on September 30, 1791. France was proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, while the National Assembly was dissolved and replaced by a new political body named the Legislative Assembly. No member of the National Assembly was elected to the new legislative body as it was agreed earlier that the members of the National Assembly would not be allowed to hold a seat in the new parliament. The result was the loss of everyone with valuable political experience. The Legislative Assembly was composed of various political factions, ranging from moderate royalists to radical republicans.
French Revolutionary Wars- July 12, 1790
The issue of war dominated the debate in the new Legislative Assembly. Tensions with the rest of Europe continued to rise. Revolutionary France was viewed with both fear and anger by the European monarchies, especially by the neighboring Austrian monarchy. In France, the support for war was growing as well. Louis XVI and hard line monarchists wanted war because they believed that foreign armies would easily overthrow the new government. The revolutionaries, on the other hand, pushed for war because they thought it would unify the nation and spread the ideas of the Revolution to the rest of Europe. On April 20, 1792, France declared war on Austria.
Attack on the Tuileries Palace- June 20, 1791
In spring and summer of 1792, the French government found itself in a very difficult situation. The Austrian army and its Prussian allies started advancing into the French territory. Economic stagnation continued throughout the country. The King was widely viewed as a traitor for trying to flee the country. The Legislative Assembly was divided and Paris was getting increasingly radicalized. On August 10, a crowd of about 20,000 people attacked the Tuileries Palace. The King and Queen had escaped the Palace and placed themselves under the protection of the Legislative Assembly. Fearing further violence, the Assembly placed them under arrest. The Revolution was moving into a more radical phase. Over the next month, hundreds of suspected royalists were executed in what became known as the “September Massacre”. Many French men and women fled for their lives.
Declaration of the Republic and the Trial of Louis- January 21, 1793
Following the arrests of Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette, the Legislative Assembly disbanded and replaced itself with a new political body named the National Convention. The first act of the latter was to declare France as a republic on September 21, 1792. Meanwhile, the French military had halted the foreign invasion and pushed back the Austrians and Prussians. Louis was charged with treason. The vote at the end of the trial was unanimous: Louis was guilty. The vote on the death penalty was much closer but it passed. On January 21, 1793, Louis was driven through the streets of Paris to a guillotine and decapitated. Marie Antoinette had a short trial next. She was accused of numerous crimes, many of them based on rumors. On October 16, she too was found guilty and guillotined the same day.
Reign of Terror- September 1793 - July 1794
The new National Convention was dominated by the Committee of Public Safety. One man in particular, Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate the Committee and established himself as the leader of the so-called Reign of Terror. Robespierre wanted to rid France of all enemies of the Revolution and to protect the “virtue” of the nation. From September 1793 to July 1794, an estimated 16,000 people were guillotined. Many radicals were executed along with moderates. Most leaders of the French Revolution were now either dead or had fled the republic. Opposition to Robespierre grew both in the Committee of Public Safety and within the National Convention. The execution of popular Committee member George-Jacques Danton and Robespierre proclaiming himself as the leader of a new religion of the Supreme Being caused much resentment. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre was arrested. He was guillotined the following day.
Directory and the Rise of Napoleon- June 1795 - January 1814
After the dramatic fall of Robespierre, the National Convention created a new constitution for France that was implemented in 1795. Leading the new government was the Directory consisting of an executive council of five members. Almost from the start, the Directory became mired in corruption, political conflict, financial problems and depended on the army to remain in power. In 1799, a successful military commander named Napoleon Bonaparte returned from a military expedition in Egypt and ousted the Directory. Napoleon established what he called the Consulate and himself as the First Consul.
Source: http://historylists.org/events/list-of-10-major-events-of-the-french-revolution.html
Meeting of the Estates General- May 5, 1789
Fall of the Bastille- June 17, 1789
March on Versailles-July 14, 1789
Many people in Paris and the rest of France were hungry, unemployed and restless. In October, a large crowd of protesters, mostly women, marched from Paris to the Palace of Versailles, convinced that the royal family and nobility there lived in luxury, oblivious to the hardships of the French people. They broke into the quarters of Queen Marie Antoinette who as an Austrian was particularly despised. The crowd demanded bread and wanted to bring the King and his family back to Paris to “live among the people”. Louis conceded to their demands and agreed to go to Paris with the mob, believing it would only be a temporary inconvenience. As they left Versailles the crowd chanted that it was “bringing back the baker, the baker’s wife and the little baker’s apprentice!”
Flight to Varennes- August 26, 1789
The National Assembly continued working on a new constitution for France. After much debate, members of the Assembly decided to impose limits to the King’s authority. The King would have veto power but the National Assembly could overrule his veto. These restrictions appalled Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette. They also felt like prisoners in their Tuileries Palace in Paris. They decided to leave France and seek refuge in Austria, hoping to eventually be reinstated on the throne as absolute monarchs. Before leaving, Louis wrote a manifesto denouncing the Revolution. On June 20, 1791, the royal family quietly left Paris. They managed to get within a few miles of the border before being recognized in the town of Varennes and forced to go back. The incident was devastating for the National Assembly. The King’s attempt to flee and his denouncement of the Revolution came just as the new constitution was about to be implemented. Now they had to deal with a monarch who was against the constitution and very unpopular with the people.Dissolution of the National Assembly- October 5. 1789
The long awaited constitution finally came into effect on September 30, 1791. France was proclaimed a constitutional monarchy, while the National Assembly was dissolved and replaced by a new political body named the Legislative Assembly. No member of the National Assembly was elected to the new legislative body as it was agreed earlier that the members of the National Assembly would not be allowed to hold a seat in the new parliament. The result was the loss of everyone with valuable political experience. The Legislative Assembly was composed of various political factions, ranging from moderate royalists to radical republicans.French Revolutionary Wars- July 12, 1790
The issue of war dominated the debate in the new Legislative Assembly. Tensions with the rest of Europe continued to rise. Revolutionary France was viewed with both fear and anger by the European monarchies, especially by the neighboring Austrian monarchy. In France, the support for war was growing as well. Louis XVI and hard line monarchists wanted war because they believed that foreign armies would easily overthrow the new government. The revolutionaries, on the other hand, pushed for war because they thought it would unify the nation and spread the ideas of the Revolution to the rest of Europe. On April 20, 1792, France declared war on Austria.Attack on the Tuileries Palace- June 20, 1791
In spring and summer of 1792, the French government found itself in a very difficult situation. The Austrian army and its Prussian allies started advancing into the French territory. Economic stagnation continued throughout the country. The King was widely viewed as a traitor for trying to flee the country. The Legislative Assembly was divided and Paris was getting increasingly radicalized. On August 10, a crowd of about 20,000 people attacked the Tuileries Palace. The King and Queen had escaped the Palace and placed themselves under the protection of the Legislative Assembly. Fearing further violence, the Assembly placed them under arrest. The Revolution was moving into a more radical phase. Over the next month, hundreds of suspected royalists were executed in what became known as the “September Massacre”. Many French men and women fled for their lives.Declaration of the Republic and the Trial of Louis- January 21, 1793
Reign of Terror- September 1793 - July 1794
The new National Convention was dominated by the Committee of Public Safety. One man in particular, Maximilien Robespierre came to dominate the Committee and established himself as the leader of the so-called Reign of Terror. Robespierre wanted to rid France of all enemies of the Revolution and to protect the “virtue” of the nation. From September 1793 to July 1794, an estimated 16,000 people were guillotined. Many radicals were executed along with moderates. Most leaders of the French Revolution were now either dead or had fled the republic. Opposition to Robespierre grew both in the Committee of Public Safety and within the National Convention. The execution of popular Committee member George-Jacques Danton and Robespierre proclaiming himself as the leader of a new religion of the Supreme Being caused much resentment. On July 27, 1794, Robespierre was arrested. He was guillotined the following day.Directory and the Rise of Napoleon- June 1795 - January 1814
After the dramatic fall of Robespierre, the National Convention created a new constitution for France that was implemented in 1795. Leading the new government was the Directory consisting of an executive council of five members. Almost from the start, the Directory became mired in corruption, political conflict, financial problems and depended on the army to remain in power. In 1799, a successful military commander named Napoleon Bonaparte returned from a military expedition in Egypt and ousted the Directory. Napoleon established what he called the Consulate and himself as the First Consul.Source: http://historylists.org/events/list-of-10-major-events-of-the-french-revolution.html
Friday, January 1, 2016
Inventors During the Industrial Revolution
Samuel F. B. Morse
1791- 1872Place of Birth: Charlestown, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
Biography: Samuel Finley Breese Morse was an American painter and inventor. After having established his reputation as a portrait painter, in his middle age Morse contributed to the invention of a single-wire telegraph system based on European telegraphs.
Invention/s: Telegraph
Importance of Invention/s:The telegraph revolutionized communications throughout the world, and Samuel Morse played a major role in this revolution. After the telegraph, communication no longer depended on the length of time it took to hand-carry messages from one location to another.
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James Watt
1736 - 1819
Place of Birth: Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland
Biography: James Watt was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist whose Watt steam engine, was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow, Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realized that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement, the separate condenser, which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion, greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.
Invention/s: Steam Engine
Importance of Invention/s: It is use to give off electricity or power in a particular machine. In modern times, these engines were used not only in factories and other machines but also in vehicles nowadays. This invention is a really great contribution during Industrial Period even until now.
Read More at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watt
www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml
Alexander Graham Bell
1847 – 1922
Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland
Biography:Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His education was largely received through numerous experiments in sound and the furthering of his father’s work on Visible Speech for the deaf. Bell worked with Thomas Watson on the design and patent of the first practical telephone. In all, Bell held 18 patents in his name alone and 12 that he shared with collaborators. He died on August 2, 1922, in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Invention/s: Telephone
www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/watt_james.shtml
Alexander Graham Bell1847 – 1922
Place of Birth: Edinburgh, Scotland
Biography:Alexander Graham Bell was a Scottish-born scientist, inventor, engineer and innovator who is credited with patenting the first practical telephone. Alexander Graham Bell was born on March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland. His education was largely received through numerous experiments in sound and the furthering of his father’s work on Visible Speech for the deaf. Bell worked with Thomas Watson on the design and patent of the first practical telephone. In all, Bell held 18 patents in his name alone and 12 that he shared with collaborators. He died on August 2, 1922, in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.
Invention/s: Telephone
Importance of Invention/s: Device that coverts sound and electrical waves into audible relays, and is used for communication.
Read More at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-graham-bell
Read More at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell
www.history.com/topics/inventions/alexander-graham-bell
Wilbur and Orville Wright1867-1912, 1871-1948
Place of Birth: Dayton, Ohio
Biography: They were two American brothers, inventors, and aviation pioneers who are credited with inventing and building the world's first successful airplane and making the first controlled, powered and sustained heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17, 1903. From 1905 to 1907, the brothers developed their flying machine into the first practical fixed-wing aircraft.
Invention/s: Airplane
Importance of Invention/s: The significance of development of the airplane has had widespread ramifications on the society of the world. Airplanes have changed the way people travel and conduct wars. At times, they have also been centerpieces in popular culture, influencing generations of Americans and people worldwide.
Read More at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers
airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/wright-brothers/online/age/
www.wright-brothers.org/.../Wright.../Wright.../Wright_Story_Intro.htm
Thomas Edison 1847- 1931
Place of Birth: Milan, Ohio, United States
Biography: Thomas Alva Edison was born on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio; the seventh and last child of Samuel and Nancy Edison. When Edison was seven his family moved to Port Huron, Michigan. Edison lived here until he struck out on his own at the age of sixteen. Edison had very little formal education as a child, attending school only for a few months. He was taught reading, writing, and arithmetic by his mother, but was always a very curious child and taught himself much by reading on his own. This belief in self-improvement remained throughout his life.
Invention/s: The Light Bulb
Importance of Invention/s: The impact of the light bulb was great it is use to provide light. It is use until now even when your rich or poor the light bulb is still very important.
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John Kay
1704- 1779
Place of Birth: Walmersley, United Kingdom
Biography:John Kay is one of Britain’s leading economists. His interests focus on the relationships between economics and business. His career has spanned academic work and think tanks, business schools, company directorships, consultancies and investment companies.
Invention/s: flying shuttle
Importance of Invention/s: It is an improvement to looms that enabled weavers to weave faster. It is an important step toward automatic weaving.
Read More at:
steppenwolf.com/p-4269-biography.html
John Loudon McAdam1756- 1836
Place of Birth: Ayr, United Kingdom
Invention/s: Road building
Importance of Invention/s: By making roads both significantly cheaper and more durable, McAdam triggered an explosion in municipal connective tissue, with roads sprawling out across the countryside. It is still use until now for vehicles to have a smooth ride.
Read More at:
http://inventors.about.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macadam
Henry Bessemer1813- 1898
Place of Birth: Charlton, United Kingdom
Biography: Sir Henry Bessemer was a prominent British engineer, inventor and entrepreneur. He developed the first cost-efficient process for the manufacture of steel in 1856, which later led to the invention of Bessemer converter.
Invention/s: Steel-making
Importance of Invention/s: Bessemer is best known for devising a steel production process that inspired the Industrial Revolution. It was the first cost-efficient industrial process for the big-scale production of steel from molten pig iron by taking out impurities from pig iron using an air blast. Bessemer’s process still continues to inspire the production of modern steel.
Read More at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Bessemer
www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-Bessemer
inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blsteel.htm
Robert Fulton1765-1815
Place of Birth: Pennsylvania, United States
Biography: American engineer and inventor Robert Fulton is best know for developing the first successful commercial steamboat, the North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont) which carried passengers between New York City and Albany, New York. Fulton also designed the world's first steam warship. He also designed the "Nautilus," the first practical submarine in history, which was built in 1800.
Invention/s: Steamboat and the world’s first steam warship.
Importance of Invention/s: Steamboats completely changed the way Americans in the early 1800's shipped and received goods and how people traveled.The steamboat was used in United States so widely that by end of mid 1850's there were as many as 1200 boats sailing in New Orleans alone. The importance of steamboat as a freight carrier died out in 1870's, after more modernized steam railway engines arrived.
Read More at:
http://www.biography.com/people/robert-fulton-9304012#synopsis
www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Fulton-American-inventor
Eli Whitney
1765- 1825
Place of Birth: Westborough, Massachusetts, United States
Biography: Eli Whitney was an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin. This was one of the key inventions of the Industrial Revolution and shaped the economy of the Antebellum South. Whitney's invention made upland short cotton into a profitable crop, which strengthened the economic foundation of slavery in the United States. Despite the social and economic impact of his invention, Whitney lost many profits in legal battles over patent infringement for the cotton gin. Thereafter, he turned his attention into securing contracts with the government in the manufacture of muskets for the newly formed United States Army. He continued making arms and inventing until his death in 1825.
Invention/s: Cotton engine (cotton gin)
Importance of Invention/s: The cotton gin is a mechanical device that removes the seeds from cotton, a process that had previously been extremely labor-intensive.
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